An Analysis of Urban Ethnic Inclusion of Master Plans—In the Case of Kabul City, Afghanistan

This study examines the history of master planning in Kabul city and how government approaches segregation through urban planning. There are five plans made for city, starting 1964, with others being conceived 1970, 1978, 2011, 2018. The civil war exacerbated ethnic segmentation city. is ethnically divided mainly among different ethnicities Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, which live three zones. literature surveyed, from 1960s first plan to 2018 design framework. were designed on technical rather than communitive rationalities, authoritarian However, fourth 2011 was developed engagement citizens addressed abstract ways. fifth masterplan, framework, a step backward participatory planning; it also ignored by unequally distributing future economic zones, administrative facilities hubs. past have city; there no detailed will approach